\u3010Pico \u6c7d\u8eca\u8a3a\u65b7\u6848\u4f8b\u30112019 \u6b3e\u5967\u8fea A6L \u884c\u99db\u4e2d\u5076\u767c\u7184\u706b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5168\u9762\u5206\u6790<\/title>\r\n <style>\r\n body {\r\n margin: 0;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;\r\n background-color: #f9f9f9;\r\n color: #333;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-content {\r\n max-width: 800px;\r\n margin: 0 auto;\r\n padding: 10px 20px; \/* \u5c06\u4e0a\u4e0b\u5185\u8fb9\u8ddd\u4ece20px\u51cf\u5c11\u523010px *\/\r\n background-color: #fff;\r\n font-size: 16px;\r\n line-height: 1.8;\r\n color: #333;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .custom-title {\r\n background-color: #e0f7fa;\r\n padding: 10px;\r\n border-left: 5px solid #007bff;\r\n margin-top: 0;\r\n margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n font-size: 1.5em;\r\n font-weight: bold;\r\n text-align: left;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-header img {\r\n max-width: 80%;\r\n height: auto;\r\n display: block;\r\n margin: 20px auto;\r\n border-radius: 8px;\r\n box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-section {\r\n margin-bottom: 2em;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-section h2 {\r\n color: #000;\r\n text-align: left;\r\n margin-top: 20px; \/* \u5c06\u4e0a\u5916\u8fb9\u8ddd\u4ece40px\u51cf\u5c11\u523020px *\/\r\n margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n padding-bottom: 10px;\r\n border-bottom: 2px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n font-weight: bold;\r\n font-size: 24px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-section p {\r\n font-size: 1.1em; \/* \u4fdd\u7559\u60a8\u7684\u8c03\u6574 *\/\r\n line-height: 2.2; \/* \u4fdd\u7559\u60a8\u7684\u8c03\u6574 *\/\r\n margin-bottom: 1em;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-section img {\r\n max-width: 80%;\r\n height: auto;\r\n display: block;\r\n margin: 20px auto;\r\n border-radius: 8px;\r\n box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\r\n }\r\n\r\n .img-source {\r\n text-align: center;\r\n font-size: 0.9em;\r\n color: #777;\r\n margin-top: -10px;\r\n margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-footer {\r\n margin-top: 60px;\r\n padding: 20px;\r\n background-color: #ecf0f1;\r\n border-top: 2px solid #bdc3c7;\r\n text-align: left;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .additional-info {\r\n text-align: left;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .interest-message {\r\n font-size: 1.2em;\r\n margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n color: #000;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .related-articles h3 {\r\n font-size: 1.2em;\r\n margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .related-articles ul {\r\n list-style-type: none;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .related-articles ul li {\r\n margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .related-articles ul li a {\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n color: #3498db;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .related-articles ul li a:hover {\r\n text-decoration: underline;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u6837\u5f0f *\/\r\n .highlight {\r\n font-weight: bold;\r\n color: #0E407E; \/* \u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u6587\u5b57\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u6307\u5b9a\u989c\u8272 *\/\r\n }\r\n\r\n ul {\r\n margin-left: 20px;\r\n margin-bottom: 1em;\r\n }\r\n\r\n ul li {\r\n margin-bottom: 0.5em;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u4ea7\u54c1\u63a8\u8350\u90e8\u5206\u6837\u5f0f *\/\r\n .product-recommendation {\r\n margin-top: 40px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-recommendation h2 {\r\n color: #000;\r\n text-align: left;\r\n margin-top: 40px;\r\n margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n padding-bottom: 10px;\r\n border-bottom: 2px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n font-weight: bold;\r\n font-size: 24px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-list {\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n justify-content: center; \/* \u5c45\u4e2d\u663e\u793a *\/\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-list.single-item .product-item {\r\n width: 60%; \/* \u5f53\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ea7\u54c1\u65f6\uff0c\u5bbd\u5ea6\u4e3a60% *\/\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-item {\r\n width: 48%;\r\n background-color: #fafafa;\r\n padding: 15px;\r\n box-sizing: border-box;\r\n margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n border-radius: 8px;\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-direction: column;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-item img {\r\n max-width: 100%;\r\n height: auto;\r\n margin-bottom: 15px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-item h3 {\r\n font-size: 1.2em;\r\n margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-item ul {\r\n text-align: left;\r\n list-style-type: disc;\r\n padding-left: 20px;\r\n margin-bottom: 15px;\r\n flex-grow: 1;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-item a.button {\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n padding: 10px 20px;\r\n background-color: #007bff;\r\n color: #fff;\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n border-radius: 5px;\r\n margin-top: auto;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-item a.button:hover {\r\n background-color: #0056b3;\r\n }\r\n\r\n @media (max-width: 768px) {\r\n .product-item {\r\n width: 100%;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-list.single-item .product-item {\r\n width: 100%;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n <\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n <div class=\"product-content\">\r\n \r\n\r\n <div class=\"product-section\">\r\n \r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Failure background<\/h2>\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/apegi-c2ul5.webp\" alt=\"2019\u6b3e\u5967\u8fea A6L\" title=\"2019 Audi A6L\">\r\n <p>A 2019 Audi A6L with a 2.0T engine has accumulated about 90,000 kilometers. The owner reports that the engine stalls occasionally while driving, and the frequency of malfunction is high and affects driving safety.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Troubleshooting process<\/h2>\r\n <p>After fault detection, the<span class=\"highlight\">A number of fuel system-related fault codes are stored in the engine control unit.<\/span>, including \"P025A Fuel Module Actuation-Electrical Failure\/Disconnection\" and \"P228C Fuel Pressure Regulator Out of Limits-Low Pressure\" (shown in Figure 1).<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/095be-6p0z4.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 1 \u5f15\u64ce\u63a7\u5236\u55ae\u5143\u7684\u6545\u969c\u4ee3\u78bc\" title=\"Figure 1 - Engine Control Unit Fault Codes\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 1 - Engine Control Unit Fault Codes<\/p>\r\n\r\n <p>Clear the fault code after the road test, driving for a period of time found that the vehicle power drop, acceleration is weak.<span class=\"highlight\">Low pressure fuel system pressure reduced from 600 kPa to 100 kPa<\/span>The system was restored to normal after restarting and a potential fault in the low pressure fuel system was hypothesized.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Low Pressure Fuel System Inspection<\/h2>\r\n <p>Checking the low pressure fuel system circuit of the vehicle (see Figure 2), the fuel pump of the vehicle is a three-phase electric motor, and the fuel pump control module receives the signal from the engine control unit. <span class=\"highlight\">PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Control Signal<\/span>The fuel pressure is regulated by three-phase electrical control of the fuel pump speed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/4ctpj-s8i08.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 2 \u4f4e\u58d3\u71c3\u6cb9\u7cfb\u7d71\u96fb\u8def\u5716\" title=\"Figure 2 - Low Pressure Fuel System Circuit Diagram\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 2 - Low Pressure Fuel System Circuit Diagram<\/p>\r\n\r\n <p>For further analysis, remove the rear seat and measure the voltage and current signals at fuel pump terminal 1 with a Pico automotive oscilloscope (see Figure 3).<span class=\"highlight\">Discontinued anomalies<\/span>\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/vbn2g-a8muo.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 3 \u71c3\u6cb9\u6cf5\u7aef\u5b50 1 \u96fb\u58d3\u8207\u96fb\u6d41\u6ce2\u5f62\" title=\"Figure 3 - Fuel Pump Terminal 1 Voltage and Current Waveforms\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 3 - Fuel Pump Terminal 1 Voltage and Current Waveforms<\/p>\r\n\r\n <p>Abnormal waveforms are displayed after amplification (see Figure 4).<span class=\"highlight\">Voltage and current drop almost simultaneously<\/span>Measure the voltage and current signal waveforms at fuel pump terminals 2 and 3. Measure the voltage and current signal waveforms at fuel pump terminals 2 and 3, the anomalies are the same, indicating that the three-phase telecommunication signals of the fuel pump control module are interrupted occasionally, causing the fuel pump to fail to operate normally.<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/wikik-b1ii8.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 4 \u7570\u5e38\u6ce2\u5f62\u7684\u653e\u5927\u986f\u793a\" title=\"Figure 4 - Amplified display of abnormal waveforms\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 4 - Amplified display of abnormal waveforms<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Further Inspection of Fuel Pump Control Modules<\/h2>\r\n <p>The fuel pump control module is located inside the right rear side panel of the vehicle, remove the panel and use the power test lamp to connect the fuel pump control module terminal T6ar\/5 (power supply) and terminal T6ar\/4 (iron), the test lamp lights up normally to rule out the fault of the power supply and iron circuit of the fuel pump control module.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <p>Measurement of Fuel Pump Control Module Terminal T6ar\/6 <span class=\"highlight\">PWM Signal Voltage Waveform<\/span>(See Fig. 5), it is found that the waveform is irregular and the minimum voltage cannot be reduced to 0 V but stays around 5 V. This phenomenon indicates that the PWM signal is unstable, which may be caused by a dummy connection or other connection problems. This phenomenon indicates that the PWM signal is unstable and may be caused by a dummy connection or other connection problems.<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/qbe7w-ktaes.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 5 T6ar\/6 \u7aef\u5b50\u8655\u6e2c\u5f97\u7684 PWM \u8a0a\u865f\u6ce2\u5f62\" title=\"Figure 5 - PWM Signal Waveforms Measured at T6ar\/6 Terminal\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 5 - PWM Signal Waveforms Measured at T6ar\/6 Terminal<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Signal Testing and Troubleshooting<\/h2>\r\n <p>Suspect that the supply voltage of the fuel pump control module is unstable, increase the oscilloscope 2 measurement channels, measure the waveforms of the supply and hitch signals of the fuel pump control module respectively (as shown in Fig. 6), and wiggle the wiring harness. When <span class=\"highlight\">PWM signal voltage fluctuation<\/span>When the power supply and iron signal waveforms do not change, exclude the possibility of a false connection in the power supply line.<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/8yovd-t8g2s.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 6 \u71c3\u6cb9\u6cf5\u63a7\u5236\u6a21\u7d44\u4f9b\u96fb\u3001\u642d\u9435\u53ca PWM \u8a0a\u865f\u6ce2\u5f62\" title=\"Figure 6 - Fuel Pump Control Module Power Supply, Override and PWM Signal Waveforms\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 6 - Fuel Pump Control Module Power Supply, Override and PWM Signal Waveforms<\/p>\r\n\r\n <p>Disassemble the fuel pump control module wire connector and measure the signal voltage waveform at terminal T6ar\/6 (see Figure 7).<span class=\"highlight\">Stable waveforms and uniform voltage variations<\/span>, troubleshooting the engine control unit.<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/1wp23-nvidc.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 7 \u65b7\u958b\u5f8c\u7684\u8a0a\u865f\u96fb\u58d3\u6ce2\u5f62\" title=\"Figure 7 - Signal Voltage Waveforms After Disconnection\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 7 - Signal Voltage Waveforms After Disconnection<\/p>\r\n\r\n <p>The analysis shows that<span class=\"highlight\">PWM signal line is not connected.<\/span>The signal cannot be pulled down from 12 V to 0 V when the fuel pump control module is connected. It is assumed that there is a malfunction in the control circuit between the engine control unit and the fuel pump control module.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Ultimate Cause of Failure<\/h2>\r\n <p>Measure the resistance between engine control unit terminal T91\/9 and fuel pump control module terminal T6ar\/6, the result is 28 \u03a9, indicating an abnormality. Peel off the fuel pump control module connection harness, and found that <span class=\"highlight\">Damaged and corroded PWM control signal lines.<\/span>(See Figure 8).<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/abbb7-0sgsn-1.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 8 \u7dda\u675f\u7834\u640d\u8655\u986f\u793a\" title=\"Figure 8 - Harness Damage Display\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 8 - Harness Damage Display<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Troubleshooting and Repair<\/h2>\r\n <p>After repairing the wiring harness, remeasure <span class=\"highlight\">PWM Signal Voltage Waveform<\/span>(See Fig. 9), the waveform is uniform and regular, and the minimum voltage is stabilized at 0 V. After road test, the vehicle runs normally, and the fault is completely eliminated.<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/8k5jd-itxn3.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 9 \u4fee\u5fa9\u7dda\u675f\u5f8c\u7684 PWM \u8a0a\u865f\u96fb\u58d3\u6ce2\u5f62\" title=\"Figure 9 - PWM Signal Voltage Waveforms after Harness Repair\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 9 - PWM Signal Voltage Waveforms after Harness Repair<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Fault Summary<\/h2>\r\n <p>This diagnosis centers on<span class=\"highlight\">False connection of PWM signal line between fuel pump control module and engine control unit<\/span>The fuel pump control module does not receive the control signal properly due to the signal cable being disconnected. The fuel pump control module was unable to receive the control signals properly due to a false signal wire, which affected the normal operation of the fuel pump. This case shows that wire checking and signal integrity testing of the fuel pump control module is a critical step in solving similar problems, and emphasizes the importance of using a Pico oscilloscope for signal waveform detection.<\/p>\r\n <p>During the diagnostic process, it was also found that the vehicle's fuel pump control module was unable to automatically enter emergency operation mode. When <span class=\"highlight\">PWM signal line disconnection<\/span>The engine control unit will continue to output 12 V when the engine control unit is on, further indicating that the engine control unit is realizing the PWM signal control through the iron signal.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n \r\n <div class=\"product-recommendation\">\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Product Recommendation<\/h2>\r\n <div class=\"product-list single-item\">\r\n \r\n <div class=\"product-item\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/product\/ep032\/\">\r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Pico4425A-\u56db\u901a\u9053\u6a19\u6e96\u5957\u88dd.jpg\" alt=\"Pico4425A \u56db\u901a\u9053\u6a19\u6e96\u5957\u88dd\uff08EP032\uff09\" title=\"Pico4425A 4-Channel Standard Package (EP032)\">\r\n <\/a>\r\n <h3>Pico4425A 4-Channel Standard Package (EP032)<\/h3>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li>Four-Channel High-Performance Automotive Oscilloscopes for Complex Diagnostic Needs<\/li>\r\n <li>Professional accessory packages for a wide range of test scenarios<\/li>\r\n <li>Quickly capture and analyze signals to improve diagnostic efficiency<\/li>\r\n <li>Ideal for automotive repair specialists and technicians<\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <a class=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/product\/ep032\/\">Product Information<\/a>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n \r\n <footer class=\"product-footer\">\r\n <div class=\"additional-info\">\r\n <p class=\"interest-message\"><strong>If you are interested, you are welcome to follow us for more information about the article and contact us if you have any questions!<\/strong><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"related-articles\">\r\n <h3>Extended Reading:<\/h3>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/pico-diagnostics-bmw-engine\/\">\u27a2\u3010Pico Auto Diagnosis Case\u3011 2015 BMW 730Li Engine Shaking Troubleshooting and Diagnosis<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/cadillac-xt5-engine-noise\/\">\u27a2\u3010Pico Auto Diagnosis Case\u30112020 Cadillac XT5 Engine Acceleration Strange Diagnosis and Repair Full Analysis<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/footer>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-be2df4a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"be2df4a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7be9582\" data-id=\"7be9582\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29ea503 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"29ea503\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"197\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/\u516c\u53f8\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6b04_\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5361-\u592702-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-40098\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/\u516c\u53f8\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6b04_\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5361-\u592702-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/\u516c\u53f8\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6b04_\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5361-\u592702-1-300x58.png 300w, https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/\u516c\u53f8\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6b04_\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5361-\u592702-1-768x148.png 768w, https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/\u516c\u53f8\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6b04_\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5361-\u592702-1-600x115.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u3010Pico \u6c7d\u8eca\u8a3a\u65b7\u6848\u4f8b\u30112019 \u6b3e\u5967\u8fea A6L \u884c\u99db\u4e2d\u5076\u767c\u7184\u706b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5168\u9762\u5206\u6790 \u6545\u969c\u80cc\u666f \u4e00\u8f1b 2019 \u6b3e […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":42,"featured_media":52581,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","iawp_total_views":74,"ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[2295],"tags":[3396,378,4036,1570,376,3400],"table_tags":[],"class_list":["post-52580","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-2295","tag-pico-","tag-pico","tag-4036","tag-1570","tag-376","tag-3400","entry","has-media","owp-thumbs-layout-horizontal","owp-btn-normal","owp-tabs-layout-horizontal","has-no-thumbnails","has-product-nav"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/atdr7-3tsdb.webp","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52580","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/42"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=52580"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52580\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":52782,"href":"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52580\/revisions\/52782"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/52581"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52580"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=52580"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"PicoAuto\u6c7d\u8eca\u793a\u6ce2\u5668\uff0c\u514d\u62c6\u8a3a\u65b7\u3001\u5feb\u901f\u4fee\u8eca\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n \u3010Pico \u6c7d\u8eca\u8a3a\u65b7\u6848\u4f8b\u30112019 \u6b3e\u5967\u8fea A6L \u884c\u99db\u4e2d\u5076\u767c\u7184\u706b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5168\u9762\u5206\u6790<\/title>\r\n <style>\r\n body {\r\n margin: 0;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;\r\n background-color: #f9f9f9;\r\n color: #333;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-content {\r\n max-width: 800px;\r\n margin: 0 auto;\r\n padding: 10px 20px; \/* \u5c06\u4e0a\u4e0b\u5185\u8fb9\u8ddd\u4ece20px\u51cf\u5c11\u523010px *\/\r\n background-color: #fff;\r\n font-size: 16px;\r\n line-height: 1.8;\r\n color: #333;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .custom-title {\r\n background-color: #e0f7fa;\r\n padding: 10px;\r\n border-left: 5px solid #007bff;\r\n margin-top: 0;\r\n margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n font-size: 1.5em;\r\n font-weight: bold;\r\n text-align: left;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-header img {\r\n max-width: 80%;\r\n height: auto;\r\n display: block;\r\n margin: 20px auto;\r\n border-radius: 8px;\r\n box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-section {\r\n margin-bottom: 2em;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-section h2 {\r\n color: #000;\r\n text-align: left;\r\n margin-top: 20px; \/* \u5c06\u4e0a\u5916\u8fb9\u8ddd\u4ece40px\u51cf\u5c11\u523020px *\/\r\n margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n padding-bottom: 10px;\r\n border-bottom: 2px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n font-weight: bold;\r\n font-size: 24px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-section p {\r\n font-size: 1.1em; \/* \u4fdd\u7559\u60a8\u7684\u8c03\u6574 *\/\r\n line-height: 2.2; \/* \u4fdd\u7559\u60a8\u7684\u8c03\u6574 *\/\r\n margin-bottom: 1em;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-section img {\r\n max-width: 80%;\r\n height: auto;\r\n display: block;\r\n margin: 20px auto;\r\n border-radius: 8px;\r\n box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\r\n }\r\n\r\n .img-source {\r\n text-align: center;\r\n font-size: 0.9em;\r\n color: #777;\r\n margin-top: -10px;\r\n margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-footer {\r\n margin-top: 60px;\r\n padding: 20px;\r\n background-color: #ecf0f1;\r\n border-top: 2px solid #bdc3c7;\r\n text-align: left;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .additional-info {\r\n text-align: left;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .interest-message {\r\n font-size: 1.2em;\r\n margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n color: #000;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .related-articles h3 {\r\n font-size: 1.2em;\r\n margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .related-articles ul {\r\n list-style-type: none;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .related-articles ul li {\r\n margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .related-articles ul li a {\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n color: #3498db;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .related-articles ul li a:hover {\r\n text-decoration: underline;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u6837\u5f0f *\/\r\n .highlight {\r\n font-weight: bold;\r\n color: #0E407E; \/* \u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u6587\u5b57\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u6307\u5b9a\u989c\u8272 *\/\r\n }\r\n\r\n ul {\r\n margin-left: 20px;\r\n margin-bottom: 1em;\r\n }\r\n\r\n ul li {\r\n margin-bottom: 0.5em;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u4ea7\u54c1\u63a8\u8350\u90e8\u5206\u6837\u5f0f *\/\r\n .product-recommendation {\r\n margin-top: 40px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-recommendation h2 {\r\n color: #000;\r\n text-align: left;\r\n margin-top: 40px;\r\n margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n padding-bottom: 10px;\r\n border-bottom: 2px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n font-weight: bold;\r\n font-size: 24px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-list {\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n justify-content: center; \/* \u5c45\u4e2d\u663e\u793a *\/\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-list.single-item .product-item {\r\n width: 60%; \/* \u5f53\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ea7\u54c1\u65f6\uff0c\u5bbd\u5ea6\u4e3a60% *\/\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-item {\r\n width: 48%;\r\n background-color: #fafafa;\r\n padding: 15px;\r\n box-sizing: border-box;\r\n margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n border-radius: 8px;\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-direction: column;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-item img {\r\n max-width: 100%;\r\n height: auto;\r\n margin-bottom: 15px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-item h3 {\r\n font-size: 1.2em;\r\n margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-item ul {\r\n text-align: left;\r\n list-style-type: disc;\r\n padding-left: 20px;\r\n margin-bottom: 15px;\r\n flex-grow: 1;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-item a.button {\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n padding: 10px 20px;\r\n background-color: #007bff;\r\n color: #fff;\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n border-radius: 5px;\r\n margin-top: auto;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-item a.button:hover {\r\n background-color: #0056b3;\r\n }\r\n\r\n @media (max-width: 768px) {\r\n .product-item {\r\n width: 100%;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .product-list.single-item .product-item {\r\n width: 100%;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n <\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n <div class=\"product-content\">\r\n \r\n\r\n <div class=\"product-section\">\r\n \r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Failure background<\/h2>\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/apegi-c2ul5.webp\" alt=\"2019\u6b3e\u5967\u8fea A6L\" title=\"2019 Audi A6L\">\r\n <p>A 2019 Audi A6L with a 2.0T engine has accumulated about 90,000 kilometers. The owner reports that the engine stalls occasionally while driving, and the frequency of malfunction is high and affects driving safety.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Troubleshooting process<\/h2>\r\n <p>After fault detection, the<span class=\"highlight\">A number of fuel system-related fault codes are stored in the engine control unit.<\/span>, including \"P025A Fuel Module Actuation-Electrical Failure\/Disconnection\" and \"P228C Fuel Pressure Regulator Out of Limits-Low Pressure\" (shown in Figure 1).<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/095be-6p0z4.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 1 \u5f15\u64ce\u63a7\u5236\u55ae\u5143\u7684\u6545\u969c\u4ee3\u78bc\" title=\"Figure 1 - Engine Control Unit Fault Codes\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 1 - Engine Control Unit Fault Codes<\/p>\r\n\r\n <p>Clear the fault code after the road test, driving for a period of time found that the vehicle power drop, acceleration is weak.<span class=\"highlight\">Low pressure fuel system pressure reduced from 600 kPa to 100 kPa<\/span>The system was restored to normal after restarting and a potential fault in the low pressure fuel system was hypothesized.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Low Pressure Fuel System Inspection<\/h2>\r\n <p>Checking the low pressure fuel system circuit of the vehicle (see Figure 2), the fuel pump of the vehicle is a three-phase electric motor, and the fuel pump control module receives the signal from the engine control unit. <span class=\"highlight\">PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Control Signal<\/span>The fuel pressure is regulated by three-phase electrical control of the fuel pump speed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/4ctpj-s8i08.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 2 \u4f4e\u58d3\u71c3\u6cb9\u7cfb\u7d71\u96fb\u8def\u5716\" title=\"Figure 2 - Low Pressure Fuel System Circuit Diagram\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 2 - Low Pressure Fuel System Circuit Diagram<\/p>\r\n\r\n <p>For further analysis, remove the rear seat and measure the voltage and current signals at fuel pump terminal 1 with a Pico automotive oscilloscope (see Figure 3).<span class=\"highlight\">Discontinued anomalies<\/span>\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/vbn2g-a8muo.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 3 \u71c3\u6cb9\u6cf5\u7aef\u5b50 1 \u96fb\u58d3\u8207\u96fb\u6d41\u6ce2\u5f62\" title=\"Figure 3 - Fuel Pump Terminal 1 Voltage and Current Waveforms\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 3 - Fuel Pump Terminal 1 Voltage and Current Waveforms<\/p>\r\n\r\n <p>Abnormal waveforms are displayed after amplification (see Figure 4).<span class=\"highlight\">Voltage and current drop almost simultaneously<\/span>Measure the voltage and current signal waveforms at fuel pump terminals 2 and 3. Measure the voltage and current signal waveforms at fuel pump terminals 2 and 3, the anomalies are the same, indicating that the three-phase telecommunication signals of the fuel pump control module are interrupted occasionally, causing the fuel pump to fail to operate normally.<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/wikik-b1ii8.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 4 \u7570\u5e38\u6ce2\u5f62\u7684\u653e\u5927\u986f\u793a\" title=\"Figure 4 - Amplified display of abnormal waveforms\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 4 - Amplified display of abnormal waveforms<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Further Inspection of Fuel Pump Control Modules<\/h2>\r\n <p>The fuel pump control module is located inside the right rear side panel of the vehicle, remove the panel and use the power test lamp to connect the fuel pump control module terminal T6ar\/5 (power supply) and terminal T6ar\/4 (iron), the test lamp lights up normally to rule out the fault of the power supply and iron circuit of the fuel pump control module.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <p>Measurement of Fuel Pump Control Module Terminal T6ar\/6 <span class=\"highlight\">PWM Signal Voltage Waveform<\/span>(See Fig. 5), it is found that the waveform is irregular and the minimum voltage cannot be reduced to 0 V but stays around 5 V. This phenomenon indicates that the PWM signal is unstable, which may be caused by a dummy connection or other connection problems. This phenomenon indicates that the PWM signal is unstable and may be caused by a dummy connection or other connection problems.<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/qbe7w-ktaes.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 5 T6ar\/6 \u7aef\u5b50\u8655\u6e2c\u5f97\u7684 PWM \u8a0a\u865f\u6ce2\u5f62\" title=\"Figure 5 - PWM Signal Waveforms Measured at T6ar\/6 Terminal\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 5 - PWM Signal Waveforms Measured at T6ar\/6 Terminal<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Signal Testing and Troubleshooting<\/h2>\r\n <p>Suspect that the supply voltage of the fuel pump control module is unstable, increase the oscilloscope 2 measurement channels, measure the waveforms of the supply and hitch signals of the fuel pump control module respectively (as shown in Fig. 6), and wiggle the wiring harness. When <span class=\"highlight\">PWM signal voltage fluctuation<\/span>When the power supply and iron signal waveforms do not change, exclude the possibility of a false connection in the power supply line.<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/8yovd-t8g2s.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 6 \u71c3\u6cb9\u6cf5\u63a7\u5236\u6a21\u7d44\u4f9b\u96fb\u3001\u642d\u9435\u53ca PWM \u8a0a\u865f\u6ce2\u5f62\" title=\"Figure 6 - Fuel Pump Control Module Power Supply, Override and PWM Signal Waveforms\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 6 - Fuel Pump Control Module Power Supply, Override and PWM Signal Waveforms<\/p>\r\n\r\n <p>Disassemble the fuel pump control module wire connector and measure the signal voltage waveform at terminal T6ar\/6 (see Figure 7).<span class=\"highlight\">Stable waveforms and uniform voltage variations<\/span>, troubleshooting the engine control unit.<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/1wp23-nvidc.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 7 \u65b7\u958b\u5f8c\u7684\u8a0a\u865f\u96fb\u58d3\u6ce2\u5f62\" title=\"Figure 7 - Signal Voltage Waveforms After Disconnection\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 7 - Signal Voltage Waveforms After Disconnection<\/p>\r\n\r\n <p>The analysis shows that<span class=\"highlight\">PWM signal line is not connected.<\/span>The signal cannot be pulled down from 12 V to 0 V when the fuel pump control module is connected. It is assumed that there is a malfunction in the control circuit between the engine control unit and the fuel pump control module.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Ultimate Cause of Failure<\/h2>\r\n <p>Measure the resistance between engine control unit terminal T91\/9 and fuel pump control module terminal T6ar\/6, the result is 28 \u03a9, indicating an abnormality. Peel off the fuel pump control module connection harness, and found that <span class=\"highlight\">Damaged and corroded PWM control signal lines.<\/span>(See Figure 8).<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/abbb7-0sgsn-1.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 8 \u7dda\u675f\u7834\u640d\u8655\u986f\u793a\" title=\"Figure 8 - Harness Damage Display\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 8 - Harness Damage Display<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Troubleshooting and Repair<\/h2>\r\n <p>After repairing the wiring harness, remeasure <span class=\"highlight\">PWM Signal Voltage Waveform<\/span>(See Fig. 9), the waveform is uniform and regular, and the minimum voltage is stabilized at 0 V. After road test, the vehicle runs normally, and the fault is completely eliminated.<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/8k5jd-itxn3.webp\" alt=\"\u5716 9 \u4fee\u5fa9\u7dda\u675f\u5f8c\u7684 PWM \u8a0a\u865f\u96fb\u58d3\u6ce2\u5f62\" title=\"Figure 9 - PWM Signal Voltage Waveforms after Harness Repair\">\r\n <p class=\"img-source\">Figure 9 - PWM Signal Voltage Waveforms after Harness Repair<\/p>\r\n\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Fault Summary<\/h2>\r\n <p>This diagnosis centers on<span class=\"highlight\">False connection of PWM signal line between fuel pump control module and engine control unit<\/span>The fuel pump control module does not receive the control signal properly due to the signal cable being disconnected. The fuel pump control module was unable to receive the control signals properly due to a false signal wire, which affected the normal operation of the fuel pump. This case shows that wire checking and signal integrity testing of the fuel pump control module is a critical step in solving similar problems, and emphasizes the importance of using a Pico oscilloscope for signal waveform detection.<\/p>\r\n <p>During the diagnostic process, it was also found that the vehicle's fuel pump control module was unable to automatically enter emergency operation mode. When <span class=\"highlight\">PWM signal line disconnection<\/span>The engine control unit will continue to output 12 V when the engine control unit is on, further indicating that the engine control unit is realizing the PWM signal control through the iron signal.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n \r\n <div class=\"product-recommendation\">\r\n <h2 class=\"custom-title\">Product Recommendation<\/h2>\r\n <div class=\"product-list single-item\">\r\n \r\n <div class=\"product-item\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/product\/ep032\/\">\r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Pico4425A-\u56db\u901a\u9053\u6a19\u6e96\u5957\u88dd.jpg\" alt=\"Pico4425A \u56db\u901a\u9053\u6a19\u6e96\u5957\u88dd\uff08EP032\uff09\" title=\"Pico4425A 4-Channel Standard Package (EP032)\">\r\n <\/a>\r\n <h3>Pico4425A 4-Channel Standard Package (EP032)<\/h3>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li>Four-Channel High-Performance Automotive Oscilloscopes for Complex Diagnostic Needs<\/li>\r\n <li>Professional accessory packages for a wide range of test scenarios<\/li>\r\n <li>Quickly capture and analyze signals to improve diagnostic efficiency<\/li>\r\n <li>Ideal for automotive repair specialists and technicians<\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <a class=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/product\/ep032\/\">Product Information<\/a>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n \r\n <footer class=\"product-footer\">\r\n <div class=\"additional-info\">\r\n <p class=\"interest-message\"><strong>If you are interested, you are welcome to follow us for more information about the article and contact us if you have any questions!<\/strong><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"related-articles\">\r\n <h3>Extended Reading:<\/h3>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/hongtronics.com\/en\/pico-diagnostics-bmw-engine\/\">\u27a2\u3010Pico Auto Diagnosis Case\u3011 2015 BMW 730Li Engine Shaking Troubleshooting and Diagnosis<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><a 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